| Acknowledgments | |
| Abbreviations | |
| 1 | Overview: The Phenomenon of Occupation | 3 |
| 2 | The Framework of the Law of Occupation | 7 |
| Article 43 of the Hague Regulations: A Profile of the Occupant's Role | 7 |
| The Concept of Occupation According to Article 43: Past and Present | 26 |
| 3 | Occupations during and after World War I: Early Challenges to the Traditional Law of Occupation | 32 |
| The German Occupation of Belgium, 1914-1918 | 32 |
| The Armistice Occupation of the Rhineland | 48 |
| 4 | The Second Phase: The Law of Occupation in the Wake of World War II | 59 |
| Occupations by the Axis Powers | 60 |
| Occupations by the Soviet Union, 1939-1940 | 67 |
| The Relevance of the Axis and Soviet Occupations to the Law of Occupation: The Status of Unlawful Occupations | 68 |
| Allied Occupations during World War II | 72 |
| The Law of Occupation in the Wake of World War II: The Termination of the Normative Force of the Hague Regulations | 96 |
| The Fourth Geneva Convention and the Status of the Law of Occupation in 1949 | 98 |
| 5 | The Israeli Occupation of the Golan Heights, the West Bank, Gaza, and Sinai | 107 |
| The applicability of the Law of Occupation to the Israel-Occupied Territories: Theory and Practice | 108 |
| Integration of the Territories with Israel | 123 |
| Long-Term Occupations and the Law of Occupation | 144 |
| 6 | Occupations since the 1970s and Recent International Prescriptions | 149 |
| Attempts to Annex Adjacent Regions: Kuwait, Western Sahara, and East Timor | 150 |
| Assisting an Indigenous Government: Afghanistan, Kampuchea (Cambodia), Grenada, and Panama | 159 |
| Self-Determination for Occupied Regions verus the Territorial Integrity of the Occupied State: Bangladesh and Northern Cyprus | 173 |
| Limited-Purpose Occupations: The Coalition Occupation of Southern and Northern Iraq and the Israeli Occupation of Southern Lebanon | 181 |
| The Law of Occupation That Emerges from Recent Occupations | 182 |
| The Law of Occupation in Contemporary International Instruments | 184 |
| Conclusion | 189 |
| 7 | Enforcement of the Law of Occupation on the Occupant: Existing Institutions | 191 |
| Enforcement through Adjudication | 192 |
| Enforcement through Protecting Powers | 204 |
| Enforcement through Other International Processes | 207 |
| 8 | Conclusion: The Contemporary Law of Occupation | 209 |
| Major Developments That Have Influenced the Law of Occupation | 209 |
| The Response to Contemporary Challenges | 212 |
| Monitoring the Occupants and Enforcing the Law | 216 |
| Bibliography | 217 |
| Table of Cases | 225 |
| Index | 233 |