| List of Illustrations | |
| List of Maps and Tables | |
| Acknowledgments | |
| Ch. 1 | The Political Consequences of Early Industrialization | 3 |
| Ch. 2 | Mid-Nineteenth-Century French Republicanism: Organization, Ideology, and Opportunities | 28 |
| Ch. 3 | Patterns of Industrialization and Class Formation | 63 |
| Ch. 4 | Toulouse: From Liberal Republicanism to an Alliance of Radicals and Socialists | 105 |
| Ch. 5 | Saint-Etienne: The Transformation and Triumph of Radical Republicanism | 139 |
| Ch. 6 | Rouen: The Transformation of Radicalism and Triumph of Liberalism | 174 |
| Ch. 7 | Failed Revolutions: The Communes of 1870-1871 | 209 |
| Ch. 8 | Conclusion: Political Change, Class Analysis, and Republicanism | 252 |
| Abbreviations Used in the Notes and Bibliography | 266 |
| Notes | 267 |
| Bibliography | 301 |
| Index | 317 |
