| | TABLE OF CONTENTS: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi
ABBREVIATIONS xiii
INTRODUCTION
The Xiaodao lun in the Medieval Debates 3
Areas of Buddhist Adaptation to Chinese Culture 3
Kinds and Phases of Debates 6
The Barbarians 8
The Conversion of the Barbarians 11
The "Conversion" in Taoism 14
Buddhist Reactions 16
The Debates in the South 17
Buddhism and Taoism in the North 21
The Court Debates 24
The Emperor's Vision 29
The Xiaodao lun 32
The Tang Debates 34
Main Anti-Taoist Arguments 37
Argumentation in the Xiaodao lun 41
TRANSLATION
Laughing at die Tao, by Zhen Luan 47
Preface 49
1. The Highest Lord of the Tao Created Heaven and Earth 52
2. Fictitious Reign Titles 58
3. Primordial Energy Turned into Heavenly Beings 62
4. Humanitv Was Created from Earth 66
5. Five Buddhas Appear Simultaneously 69
6. Revival of the Dead through Fivefold Purification 74
7. Avalokitesvara Serves on the Tao 76
8. The Buddha Was Born in the West, in Yin 79
9. The Size of the Sun and the Moon 83
10. The Floating of Mount Kunlun 85
11. Taoist Heavenly Bureaucracy 87
12. The Appellation "Nanwufo" 89
13. Birds' Tracks as the Earliest Form of Writing 91
14. Zhang Qian Acquires Buddhist Sutras 93
15. Suns and Moons Assembling 95
16. The Highest Lord Is the Most Venerable 98
17. The Five Grains Chisel Life Away 100
18. Laozi Became the Buddha 102
19. Gautama as a Messenger 106
20. Offerings of Meat and Wine and Service to Deviant Spirits in Pursuit of the Tao 107
21. Buddhist Deviant Teachings Disturb the Political Order Ho
22. Trees Wither upon Hearing the Precepts 113
23. In Worship, the North Is Venerated First 117
24. Harming One's Kin to Pursue the Tao n8
25. The Life-Giving Talisman 120
26. A Kalpa Lasts as Long as a Chun Tree 122
27. Arising and Dying with the Kalpas 123
28. Taking Cinnabar Brings a Golden Complexion 127
29. Plagiarizing Buddhist Sutras for Taoist Scriptures 130
30. Imitating the Buddhist Principle of Cause and Effect 132
31. Taoist Scriptures: Revealed and As Yet Unrevealed 136
32. Five Hundred Million Lavers of Heaven 139
33. Taoist Formalities of Entering and Leaving
34. Taoists Worship the Buddha 144
35. The Taoist Harmonizing of Energies 147
36. Philosophical Works as Taoist Texts 150
APPENDIXES 157
APPENDIX 1
The Texts of the Medieval Debates 159
1. The Debate on Zhang Rong's Menlii 159
2. The Debate on Gu Huan's Yivia lun IN
3. The Bianhuo lun 16g
4. The Debate on the Sanpo lun 171
5. The Debate on Chronology 176
6. The Debates under the Northern Zhou 177
7. The Debate Surrounding Fu Yi 180
8. The Debate Surrounding Li Zhongqing 184
APPENDIX 2
Taoist Texts Cited in the Xiaodao lun 187
1. Chuji 187
2. Dajie wen 188
3. Duohi Igo
4. Daozhai jing Igo
5. Dayou jing 191
6. Dongxuan dongfang qingdi song 191
7. Du quowang pin 192
8. Duming miaojing 192
9. Duren benvingjing 193
10. Duren miaojing 193
11. Dusben pin 194
12. Fuzbai jing 194
13. Guangsbuo pin 195
14. Huabu fing 195
15. Huangsbu 197
16. jiku jing 198
17. jiunan sbengshen zbangjing 199
18. Laozi baibasbi jie 201
19. Laozi xiaobing jing 201
20. Laozi xu 202
21. Miaozben jing 204
22. Nanji zhenren wensbi pin 205
23. Nfiqing wen 205
24. Sanbuang jin ,g 207
25. Santian zbengfajing 208
26. Sanyuan pin 209
27. Sbengxuan jing 210
28. Sbenxian jinye jin ,q 212
29. Shenxian zbuan 213
30. Skijie jing 24
31. Wensbi zbuan 24
32. WUfU jing M6
33. Wulian fing 217
34. Xuandu jingmu 218
35. Xuanmiao neipian 219
36. Xuanzhonq ling 220
37. Xuanzi 220
38. Youwu sbengcbeng pin 220
39. Zbenren neichao Iii 220
40. Zhutian neiyin 221
41. Ziran jing 221
42. Zuigen pin 222
APPENDIX 3
Titles of Texts Cited 225
GLOSSARY 235
BIBLIOGRAPHY 245
INDEX 267
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