| Contributors | |
| Acknowledgments | |
| What Is Life History? | |
| 1 | Life History, the Individual, and Evolution | 3 |
| 2 | Changing Views of Female Life Histories | 15 |
| What It Means to Be a Mammal | 29 |
| 3 | Sea Lions, Life History, and Reproduction | 34 |
| 4 | Life History and Reproductive Success of Female Northern Elephant Seals | 46 |
| What It Means to Be a Primate | 55 |
| 5 | Social Relationships and Life Histories of Primates | 60 |
| 6 | Development of Sex Differences in Nonhuman Primates | 69 |
| 7 | The Social Life of Female Japanese Monkeys | 76 |
| 8 | Natural History of Apes: Life-History Features in Females and Males | 86 |
| What It Means to Be a Catarrhine | 107 |
| 9 | Reading Life History in Teeth, Bones, and Fossils | 117 |
| 10 | The Cost of Reproduction and the Evolution of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis | 132 |
| 11 | The Biological Origins of Adipose Tissue in Humans | 147 |
| 12 | Female Primates: Fat or Fit? | 163 |
| What It Means to Be a Human | 179 |
| 13 | Women's Bodies, Women's Lives: An Evolutionary Perspective | 185 |
| 14 | Sex Differences in Human Populations: Change through Time | 198 |
| 15 | Growing Up Female in a Farmer Community and a Forager Community | 209 |
| 16 | Institutional, Evolutionary, and Demographic Contexts of Gender Roles: A Case Study of !Kung Bushmen | 220 |
| 17 | Women's Work and Energetics: A Case Study from Nepal | 233 |
| 18 | Flexibility and Paradox: The Nature of Adaptation in Human Reproduction | 242 |
| Life History, Females, and Evolution | 261 |
| 19 | Social Intelligence and Sexual Reproduction: Evolutionary Strategies | 262 |
| 20 | Life History, Females, and Evolution: A Commentary | 270 |
| Literature Cited | 277 |
| Index | 327 |
