| | TABLE OF CONTENTS: PREFACE xi
ONE The Power of Light 3
1.1 Prospectus 3
1.2 The Roots of Matter 4
1.3 Atoms and Emptiness 7
1.4 Plato's Philosophy of Ideas 10
1.5 Aristotle's Philosophy of Desire 14
1.6 What Is Science, and How Do you Know It Is Right? 17
1.7 Planets Power the World, Light Stops a Planet 20
1.8 The Manichees: Light Defeated by Darkness 23
1.9 And There Was Light 27
TWO The Image and the Mind 33
2.1 What Color Is Green? 33
2.2 The Arrow from the Eye 34
2.3 A World Full of Images 35
2.4 Fire within the Eye 39
2.5 The Activity of What Is Transparent 41
2.6 Galen and the Stoics 44
2.7 Aristotle Takes Aim at a Rainbow 45
2.8 Three Theories of Vision 48
THREE Rays 51
3.1 What Are the Stars Saying? 51
3.2 Euclid Draws Pictures of Light 53
3.3 Hero Finds Economy in Nature 61
3.4 Ptolemy Studies Optics 63
3.5 Philoponus, the Last Greek Philosopher in Egypt 71
3.6 Alkindi's Web of Radiation 72
3.7 Alhazen Writes a Book 76
FOUR The Light That Shineth in Darkness 89
4.1 Plato and the Meaning of Light 89
4.2 Three Denises and the Ghost of Plato 92
4.3 Images of Heaven 93
4.4 Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln 97
4.5 Species 100
Interlude on University Life 104
4.6 Roger Bacon Rebels 107
4.7 How Do I See What I See? 111
4.8 Two Doctors 114
FIVE The End of Classical Optics 119
5.1 Witelo, Also, Writes a Book 119
5.2 Where Did I Put My Glasses? 121
5.3 How to Paint Space 126
5.4 How to Draw Distance 130
5.5 Porta Asks a Question 136
5.6 Galileo the Investigator 139
5.7 "Light Is Created" 146
From Notes toward a Supreme Fiction, by Wallace Stevens 151
SIX A New Age Begins 153
6.1 Johannes Kepler, the Emperor's Mathematician 153
6.2 Paralipomena 160
6.3 Lenses and Species 164
6.4 Refraction: Willibrord Snel Improves on Ptolemy 171
6.5 Rene Descartes Invents a World 174
6.6 Fermat: A Mathematician Looks at Optics 182
SEVEN The Rise of Optical Experiment 187
7.1 Ole Romer and the Speed of Light 187
7.2 Father Grimaldi Avoids a Quarrel 189
7.3 Robert Hooke and the Royal Society 194
7.4 Isaac Newton's Theory of Color 197
7.5 Particles of Light 205
7.6 Opticks 208
7.7 Christiaan Huygens, the Dutch Master 215
7.8 The Rainbow Is Caught 221
7.9 James Bradley Goes for a Sail 226
EIGHT Enlightenment 230
8.1 The Eighteenth Century 230
8.2 The Musical Atoms of Leonhard Euler 235
8.3 Goethe Does Not Believe What He Reads 238
8.4 Goethe's Theory of Color 241
8.5 Light Is a Wave 245
8.6 Seeing Farther: Telescopes 254
8.7 Seeing Smaller: Microscopes 260
8.8 Learning from Color: Spectroscopy 264
NINE Unification 270
9.1 A World Floating in Ether 270
9.2 Faraday Imagines a Field 273
9.3 Maxwell: Electricity Plus Magnetism Gives Light 279
9.4 Hertz Finds the Electric Waves 286
9.5 The Vast Spectrum of Light 288
9.6 Trying to Find the Ether 292
9.7 Einstein Draws Conclusions 296
9.8 Eyes and Brains 303
TEN What Is Light? 310
10.1 Light Seems to Be a Particle 310
10.2 Niels Bohr Holds an Atom in His Hand 313
10.3 A New Kind of Understanding 317
10.4 Spooky Actions at a Distance 322
10.5 Instruments and Techniques 325
10.6 Then What Is Light? 332
10.7 Light and Shade 335
Michelangelo's Sonnet to Darkness 339
TECHNICAL TERMS 341
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 345
BIBLIOGRAPHY 357
INDEX 373
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