TABLE OF CONTENTS: List of Illustrations ix
Ac know ledg ments xi
Introduction 1
PART ONE: THE CRIMES
CHAPTER 1: THE BOMBING, 1999? 2000 23
The Prelude to War 23
The Assault on Chechnya 32
CHAPTER 2: THE ZACHISTKA, 2000? 2002 50
The Massacre at Novye Aldy 54
Torture at Chernokozovo 58
Temporary Filtration Points 62
CHAPTER 3: THE DISAPPEARANCES, 2002? 5 77
Th e Early Cases 78
Chechenization 83
Summary Executions and Mass Graves 91
CHAPTER 4: FINDING REFUGE 98
Evacuation Routes 99
The Humanitarian Response and Forced Migrant Status 103
Forced Evictions and the Politics of Normalization 110
Asylum in Eu rope 118
PART TWO: THE RESPONSE
CHAPTER 5: CHECHEN RETALIATION 123
Budennovsk and Kizliar 127
Dubrovka and Operation Boomerang 130
Beslan 138
CHAPTER 6: CIVIL SOCIETY REACTS 144
The Journalists: Babitskii, Politkovskaia,
Abdulaeva, and Aliev 146
The Moscow Human Rights Community 157
Local Chechen Re sis tance 161
CHAPTER 7: INTERNATIONAL FAILURE 165
The UN Commission on Human Rights 166
The Council of Europe 168
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) 174
The United States and the War on Terror 177
A War Crimes Tribunal for Chechnya 179
CHAPTER 8: SEEKING JUSTICE IN EU ROPE: CHECHENS AT THE EUROPE AN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 183
NGO Justice 186
Human Rights Case I: Isaeva, Iusupova and Bazaeva v. Russia 188
Human Rights Cases II and III: Bazorkina v. Russia and Luluev v. Russia 192
Human Rights Case IV: Chitaev and Chitaev v. Rus sia 197
Public Hearings 199
CONCLUSION 204
Notes 213
Bibliography 241
Index 265
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