Rules order almost every aspect of our lives. They set our work hours, dictate how we drive and set the table, tell us whether to offer an extended hand or cheek in greeting, and organize the rites of life, from birth through death. We may chafe under the rules we have, and yearn for ones we don’t, yet no culture could do without them. In Rules, historian Lorraine Daston traces their development in the Western tradition and shows how rules have evolved from ancient to modern times. Drawing on a rich trove of examples, including legal treatises, cookbooks, military manuals, traffic regulations, and game handbooks, Daston demonstrates that while the content of rules is dazzlingly diverse, the forms that they take are surprisingly few and long-lived.
Daston uncovers three enduring kinds of rules: the algorithms that calculate and measure, the laws that govern, and the models that teach. She vividly illustrates how rules can change—how supple rules stiffen, or vice versa, and how once bothersome regulations become everyday norms. Rules have been devised for almost every imaginable activity and range from meticulous regulations to the laws of nature. Daston probes beneath this variety to investigate when rules work and when they don’t, and why some philosophical problems about rules are as ancient as philosophy itself while others are as modern as calculating machines.
Rules offers a wide-angle view on the history of the constraints that guide us—whether we know it or not.
Lorraine Daston is director emerita of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science (MPIWG) in Berlin, visiting professor in the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago, and a permanent fellow at the Berlin Institute for Advanced Study. Her most recent book is Against Nature.
"Fascinating. . . . [Daston] writes with a twinkling wit."—Timothy Farrington, Wall Street Journal
"In considering a series of historic anecdotes and texts, Daston helps us see rules (and their neighbors, such as laws and regulations) through the concepts of thickness and thinness, paradigms and algorithms, failures (it was nearly impossible to get eighteenth-century Parisians to stop playing ball in the streets), and states of exception. . . .By the end of Daston’s book, one feels a sense of clarity about how to think about rules, alongside a gentle sense of despair concerning what kinds of rules to hope for."—Rivka Galchen, New Yorker
"A timely release that will satisfy the mathematically curious, who hunger to know how algorithms actually work, as well anyone who loves debating policy."—Library Journal
“Ranging from sumptuary regulation to the laws of nature, traffic laws to the Benedictine rule, Daston shows time and again how the apparently contradictory facets of rules meant to be broken and interpreted make our more familiar, rigid rules possible, powerful, and plausible—but exquisitely and dangerously fragile.”—Matthew Jones, author of Reckoning with Matter: Calculating Machines, Improvement, and Thinking about Thinking from Pascal to Babbage
“Rules is a masterpiece: clear as a tower of bells, incisively argued, beautifully written, and brilliantly witty. The subtitle is no exaggeration: Daston has actually given us a short history of what we live by. Readers will find illuminating surprises on nearly every page. I had only one criticism of this splendid book: I did not want it to end.”—Susan Neiman, author of Evil in Modern Thought: An Alternative History of Philosophy
“With richly detailed examples drawn from the vast sweep of centuries and a wide range of cultures and traditions, Lorraine Daston masterfully connects disparate ideas about rules, revealing an elegant order and making sound sense of profound philosophical problems that would otherwise remain intractable.”—Justin E. H. Smith, author of Irrationality: A History of the Dark Side of Reason
“From calculating and cooking to dressing, behaving, engineering, and governing, we all need and use rules. In this erudite and entertaining book, Lorraine Daston shows us how they work, how they don’t work, and above all why the world is too complex for most rules to be applicable without exception.”—Catherine Wilson, author of Epicureanism: A Very Short Introduction
